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Being Confused about Racial Identity in Postwar United States

You’re – I’m American, but I was – for years, you know, you wonder. I remember when I got out of camp, then I – when I was going off to school, still, even though it was a few years after – and then I went down South, I didn’t know at first, “Which bathroom am I supposed to go into?” One is for “White,” one is for “Black,” and I thought, “I’m not white, I’m not black, but, you know, during the war, I’m Japanese, I was put into camp. Maybe I should go into the black one.” It was – I don’t remember which one I went into. I know that it was – every time I saw that, I thought, “I really don’t know which one I’m really supposed to go into.”


postwar racism United States World War II

Date: November 8, 2018

Location: California, US

Interviewer: June Berk

Contributed by: Watase Media Arts Center, Japanese American National Museum

Interviewee Bio

Takayo Fischer, born in November 1932, is a Nisei American stage, film, and TV actress. During World War II, as a young child, she and her family were forcibly evacuated from the West Coast and spent time in the Fresno Assembly Center before being relocated to Jerome and Rohwer concentration camps. Fischer later lived in Chicago, Illinois, where, as a young adult, she won the crown of “Miss Nisei Queen.” She has appeared in dozens of major Hollywood films, including Moneyball (2011), Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007), The Pursuit of Happyness (2006), and Memoirs of a Geisha (2005). She also appeared in the stage production of The World of Suzie Wong in New York in 1958 and many productions with East West Players in Los Angeles. (June 2018)

Michelle Yamashiro
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Yamashiro,Michelle

Parents leaving Peru to move to California

Okinawan American whose parents are from Peru.

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Kay Sekimachi
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Sekimachi,Kay

Moving to Cincinnati after Topaz

(b. 1926) Artist

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Mitsuru "Mits"  Kataoka
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Kataoka,Mitsuru "Mits"

Facing housing discrimination in Rhode Island

(1934–2018) Japanese American designer, educator, and pioneer of media technologies

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Howard Kakita
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Kakita,Howard

Adjustment to American life

(b. 1938) Japanese American. Hiroshima atomic bomb survivor

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Howard Kakita
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Kakita,Howard

The moment he realized he identified as an American

(b. 1938) Japanese American. Hiroshima atomic bomb survivor

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Masato Ninomiya
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Ninomiya,Masato

What made your parents decide to move to Brazil?

Professor of Law, University of Sao Paulo, Lawyer, Translator (b. 1948)

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Roger Shimomura
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Shimomura,Roger

A conversation with a farmer in Kansas

(b. 1939) Japanese American painter, printmaker & professor

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Roger Shimomura
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Shimomura,Roger

Collection of artifacts depicting racial stereotypes influences art

(b. 1939) Japanese American painter, printmaker & professor

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Frank Yamasaki
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Yamasaki,Frank

Encountering racial discrimination at a public swimming pool

(b. 1923) Nisei from Washington. Resisted draft during WWII.

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Jack Herzig
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Herzig,Jack

His testimony has more credibility because of his race

(1922 - 2005) Former U.S. Army counterintelligence officer

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Mitsuru "Mits"  Kataoka
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Kataoka,Mitsuru "Mits"

Learned what it meant to be called “Jap” in Heart Mountain

(1934–2018) Japanese American designer, educator, and pioneer of media technologies

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George Katsumi Yuzawa
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Yuzawa,George Katsumi

First impression of New York City during war time

(1915 - 2011) Nisei florist who resettled in New York City after WW II. Active in Japanese American civil rights movement

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Yuri Kochiyama
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Kochiyama,Yuri

The day Pearl Harbor was bombed

(1922–2014) Political and civil rights activist.

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James Hirabayashi
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Hirabayashi,James

Not bringing shame to family

(1926 - 2012) Scholar and professor of anthropology. Leader in the establishment of ethnic studies as an academic discipline

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James Hirabayashi
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Hirabayashi,James

Past ties to present situation in Middle East

(1926 - 2012) Scholar and professor of anthropology. Leader in the establishment of ethnic studies as an academic discipline

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